Nina Ricci
Nina Ricci was founded in Paris in 1932 by Maria "Nina" Ricci, born in Turin in 1883, and her son Robert, who managed the business while she focused entirely on design. She worked by draping and cutting directly on the mannequin, and was among the first Paris couturiers to offer two intermediate collections a year at lower price points for younger women. This was a deliberate choice to serve a broader clientele than the aristocratic international set that patronised houses such as Chanel and Lanvin. The house's perfume L'Air du Temps, launched in 1948 with a Lalique bottle featuring two doves, became one of the most recognised fragrances of the 20th century. Nina Ricci retired in 1954 and died in 1970. The house has since been led by Jules-François Crahay, Gérard Pipart, Olivier Theyskens, Peter Copping, Guillaume Henry and Harris Reed.